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1 pao
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pao[Swahili Plural] pao[English Word] iron bar[English Plural] iron bars[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Swahili Example] pao la chuma[English Example] Iron bar------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pao[Swahili Plural] pao[English Word] club (cards)[English Plural] clubs[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Word] port[Terminology] games (cards)------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pao[Swahili Plural] pao[English Word] framework (of a roof)[English Plural] frameworks[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pao[Swahili Plural] pao[English Word] thin pole carrying the thatch in houses[English Plural] thin poles[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pao[Swahili Plural] pao[English Word] rod[English Plural] rods[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pao[English Word] their[Part of Speech] pronoun[Derived Word] -ao, noun class 16[Note] See Swahili Noun Class Guide at www.yale.edu/swahili/nounclassguide.html------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pao la chuma[Swahili Plural] mapao ya chuma[English Word] iron rod[English Plural] iron rods[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------ -
2 pau
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pau[Swahili Plural] mapau[English Word] iron bar[English Plural] iron bars[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Swahili Example] pao la chuma[English Example] Iron bar------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pau[Swahili Plural] mapau[English Word] framework (of a roof)[English Plural] frameworks[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pau[Swahili Plural] mapau[English Word] thin pole carrying the thatch in houses[English Plural] thin poles[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pau[Swahili Plural] pau[English Word] rod[English Plural] rods[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] pau la chuma[Swahili Plural] mapau ya chuma[English Word] iron rod[English Plural] iron rods[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Derived Word] pao------------------------------------------------------------ -
3 Glenck, Karl Christian Friedrich
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 13 April 1779 Schwäbisch Hall, Germanyd. 21 November 1845 Gotha, Germany[br]German salt-mining expert who introduced large-scale salt explorations.[br]Having studied law at the University of Erlangen, he became Confidential Secretary to the Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, in whose territory his father had been in charge of a saltworks. When this small country fell to Württemberg in 1806, Glenck continued his mineralogical and geological studies in order to develop methods of finding deposits of salt. He was the first to carry out systematic large-scale salt explorations in Germany, mostly in southern and central parts, and achieved remarkable results that far exceeded former non-systematic findings. He worked either on behalf of governments or companies or at his own risk, and in the early 1820s he settled in Gotha to live in the centre of the regions of greatest interest to him.His career began in 1819 with the discovery of the deposits of Ludwigshall near Wimpfen, Neckar, and prospecting salt near Basel in 1836 was his greatest success: Schweizerhall, opened one year later, made Switzerland self-sufficient in salt production. For fifteen years he had invested large sums into this project, which became the fifth salt-works to come into existence due to his drilling. Glenck worked with stir rods and he developed several new technical devices, such as casing the bore holes with iron pipes instead of wood (1830), and using wooden instead of iron rods to reduce the weight (1834). A flexible connection between rod and drill was to be introduced later by Karl von Oeynhausen. One of Glenck's most important followers in the field of deep-drilling was K.G. Kind.[br]Further ReadingW.Carlé, 1969, "Die Salinistenfamilie Glenck", Lebensbilder aus Schwaben und Franken 11: 118–49 (with substantial biographical information).D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbobrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg, (provides an evaluation of his technological developments).WKBiographical history of technology > Glenck, Karl Christian Friedrich
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4 stangjern
subst. bar iron, rod iron, rods -
5 clamp
[klæmp]1. nouna piece of wood, iron etc used to fasten things together or to strengthen them.كُلاب (للتعليق)2. verbto bind together with a clamp:يعلق، يُعَلِّق، يَشُدُّ ، يَرْبُطُ بأحْكامThey clamped the iron rods together.
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6 Rittinger, Peter von
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 23 January 1811 Neutitschein, Moravia (now Now Jicin, Czech Republic)d. 7 December 1872 Vienna, Austria[br]Austrian mining engineer, improver of the processing of minerals.[br]After studying law, philosophy and politics at the University of Olmutz (now Olomouc), in 1835 Rittinger became a fellow of the Mining Academy in Schemnitz (now Banská Štiavnica), Slovakia. In 1839, the year he finished at the academy, he published a book on perspective drawing. The following year, he became Inspector of Mills at the ore mines in Schemnitz, and in 1845 he was engaged in coal mining in Bohemia and Moravia. In 1849 he joined the mining administration at Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov), Bohemia. In these early years he contributed his first important innovations for the mining industry and thus fostered his career in the government's service. In 1850 he was called to Vienna to become a high-ranked officer in various ministries. He was responsible for the construction of buildings, pumping installations and all sorts of machinery in the mining industry; he reorganized the curricula of the mining schools, was responsible for the mint and became head of the department of mines, forests and salt-works in the Austrian empire.During all his years of public service, Rittinger continued his concern with technological innovations. He improved the processing of ores by introducing in 1844 the rotary washer and the box classifier, and later his continuously shaking concussion table which, having been exhibited at the Vienna World Fair of 1873, was soon adopted in other countries. He constructed water-column pumps, invented a differential shaft pump with hydraulic linkage to replace the heavy iron rods and worked on centrifugal pumps. He was one of the first to be concerned with the transfer of heat, and he developed a system of using exhaust steam for heating in salt-works. He kept his eye on current developments abroad, using his function as official Austrian commissioner to the world exhibitions, on which he published frequently as well as on other matters related to technology. With his systematic handbook on mineral processing, first published in 1867, he emphasized his international reputation in this specialized field of mining.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1863. Order of the Iron Crown 1863. Honorary Citizen of Joachimsthal 1864. President, Austrian Chamber of Engineers and Architects 1863–5.Bibliography1849, Der Spitzkasten-Apparat statt Mehlrinnen und Sümpfen…bei der nassen Aufbereitung, Freiberg.1854, Theoretisch-praktische Anleitung zur Rader-Verzahnung, Vienna.1855, Theoretisch-praktische Abhandlung über ein für alle Gattungen von Flüssigkeiten anwendbares neues Abdampfverfahren, Vienna.1861, Theorie und Bau der Rohrturbinen, Prague.1867, Lehrbuch der Aufbereitungskunde, Berlin (with supplements, 1870–73).Further ReadingH.Kunnert, 1972, "Peter Ritter von Rittinger. Lebensbild eines grossen Montanisten", Der Anschnitt 24:3–7 (a detailed description of his life, based on source material).J.Steiner, 1972, "Der Beitrag von Peter Rittinger zur Entwicklung der Aufbereitungstechnik". Berg-und hüttenmännische Monatshefte 117: 471–6 (an evaluation of Rittinger's achievements for the processing of ores).WK -
7 железные прутья
Makarov: iron rods -
8 fest-klammern
(to bind together with a clamp: They clamped the iron rods together.) clamp -
9 tālea
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10 talea
I.In gen.:II.taleae pedem longae ferreis hamis infixis totae in terram infodiebantur,
Caes. B. G. 7, 73: ferreae, iron rods, used as money by the Britons, id. ib. 5, 12; Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 23. —In partic.A.In agricult.,1.A cutting, set, layer for planting, Cato, R. R. 45; Varr. R. R. 1, 40, 4; Col. 4, 31, 2; 4, 33, 4; Pall. Mart. 10, 11; Plin. 17, 10, 11, § 61. —* 2. B.In archit., a small beam used for binding together the joints of a wall, Vitr. 1, 5. -
11 прут
м. bar, rodСинонимический ряд:1. хворостина (сущ.) лозина; лозину; хворостина2. валят (глаг.) валом валить; валят; валятся3. идут (глаг.) выступают; вышагивают; идут; ступают; топают; шагают; шествуют4. лезут (глаг.) лезут; ломят; ломятся; прутся5. несут (глаг.) несут; тащат -
12 Stone Cotton
Trade term for Brazilian cotton. Also term for cotton cleaned by the natives in Madras by means of iron rods rolled over a stone to separate the seeds from the staple. -
13 Kind, Karl Gotthelf
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 6 June 1801 Linda, near Freiberg, Germanyd. 9 March 1873 Saarbrücken, Germany[br]German engineer, pioneer in deep drilling.[br]The son of an ore miner in Saxony, Kind was engaged in his father's profession for some years before he joined Glenck's drillings for salt at Stotternheim, Thuringia. There in 1835, after trying for five years, he self-reliantly put down a 340 m (1,100 ft) deep well; his success lay in his use of fish joints of a similar construction to those used shortly before by von Oeynhausen in Westphalia. In order to improve their operational possibilities in aquiferous wells, in 1842 he developed his own free-fall device between the rod and the drill, which enabled the chisel to reach the bottom of the hole without hindrance. His invention was patented in France. Four years later, at Mondorf, Luxembourg, he put down a 736 m (2,415 ft) deep borehole, the deepest in the world at that time.Kind contributed further considerable improvements to deep drilling and was the first successfully to replace iron rods with wooden ones, on account of their buoyancy in water. The main reasons for his international reputation were his attempts to bore out shafts, which he carried out for the first time in the region of Forbach, France, in 1848. Three years later he was engaged in the Ruhr area by a Belgian-and English-financed mining company, later the Dahlbusch mining company in Gelsenkirchen, to drill a hole that was later enlarged to 4.4 m (14 1/2 ft) and made watertight by lining. Although he had already taken out a patent for boring and lining shafts in 1849 in Belgium, his wooden support did not qualify. It was the Belgian engineer Joseph Chaudron, in charge of the mining company, who overcame the difficulty of making the bottom of the borehole watertight. In 1854 they jointly founded a shaft-sinking company in Brussels which specialized in aquiferous formations and operated internationally.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1849.Bibliography1842, Anleitung zum Abteufen von Bohrlöchern, Luxembourg.Further ReadingH.G.Conrad, "Carl Gotthelf Kind", Neue deutsche Biographie 10:613–14.D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbohrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg, pp. 20–5 (assesses his technological achievements).T.Tecklenburg, 1914, Handbuch der Tiefbohrkunde, 2nd end, Vol. VI, Berlin, pp. 36–9 (provides a detailed description of his equipment).J.Chaudron, 1862, "Über die nach dem Kindschen Erdbohrverfahren in Belgien ausgeführten Schachtbohrarbeiten", Berg-und Hüttenmännische Zeitung 21:402–4, (describes his contribution to making Kind's shafts watertight).WK -
14 ausbrennen
(unreg., trennb., -ge-)I v/i (ist)1. Feuer, Kerze: burn (itself) out, go out2. Haus etc.: be burnt out, be guttedII v/t (hat)1. (Ungeziefer) burn out2. MED. (Wunde) cauterize3. (Erde etc.) scorch, parch; ausgebrannt* * *das Ausbrennenburnout* * *aus|bren|nen sep1. vi aux sein2) (= völlig verbrennen) to be burned out, to be guttedausgebrannt — burned-out; Gebäude auch gutted; Brennstab spent
See:→ auch ausgebrannt2. vtto burn out; (Sonne = ausdörren) to scorch; (MED) to cauterize* * *1) (to burn (a wound) with a caustic substance or a hot iron (to destroy infection).) cauterize2) (to burn (a wound) with a caustic substance or a hot iron (to destroy infection).) cauterise3) (to destroy completely, except for the outer frame: The fire gutted the house.) gut* * *aus·bren·nenI. vi Hilfsverb: sein▪ ausgebrannt extinguished2. (energielos sein)▪ ausgebrannt sein to be burnt outII. vt Hilfsverb: haben* * *1.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein1) (zu Ende brennen) burn outausgebrannte Kernbrennstäbe — (fig.) spent nuclear fuel rods
2) (zerstört werden) <building, room> be gutted, be burnt out; <ship, aircraft, vehicle> be burnt out2.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb cauterize < wound>* * *ausbrennen (irr, trennb, -ge-)A. v/i (ist)1. Feuer, Kerze: burn (itself) out, go out2. Haus etc: be burnt out, be guttedB. v/t (hat)1. (Ungeziefer) burn out* * *1.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein1) (zu Ende brennen) burn outausgebrannte Kernbrennstäbe — (fig.) spent nuclear fuel rods
2) (zerstört werden) <building, room> be gutted, be burnt out; <ship, aircraft, vehicle> be burnt out2.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb cauterize < wound>* * *n.burnout n. -
15 сортовой прокат
1) General subject: rolled steel (AD)2) Engineering: bar (круглый или полосовой), profiles, rolled section3) Construction: mill bar4) Metallurgy: bar iron, bar section, bolt stock (для болтов, гаек), section iron, sectional iron, long product, bars and rods, long steel, long products5) Automation: profile iron, profiled iron, rolled section steel -
16 сортовое железо
1) Naval: merchant iron, section iron2) Engineering: section steel, structural steel3) Construction: special iron, section4) Oil: profiled iron -
17 Bedson, George
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 3 November 1820 Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, Englandd. 12 December 1884 Manchester (?), England[br]English metallurgist, inventor of the continuous rolling mill.[br]He acquired a considerable knowledge of wire-making in his father's works before he took a position in 1839 at the works of James Edleston at Warrington. From there, in 1851, he went to Manchester as Manager of Richard Johnson \& Sons' wire mill, where he remained for the rest of his life. It was there that he initiated several important improvements in the manufacture of wire. These included a system of circulating puddling furnace water bottoms and sides, and a galvanizing process. His most important innovation, however, was the continuous mill for producing iron rod for wiredrawing. Previously the red-hot iron billets had to be handled repeatedly through a stand or set of rolls to reduce the billet to the required shape, with time and heat being lost at each handling. In Bedson's continuous mill, the billet entered the first of a succession of stands placed as closely to each other as possible and emerged from the final one as rod suitable for wiredrawing, without any intermediate handling. A second novel feature was that alternate rolls were arranged vertically to save turning the piece manually through a right angle. That improved the quality as well as the speed of production. Bedson's first continuous mill was erected in Manchester in 1862 and had sixteen stands in tandem. A mill on this principle had been patented the previous year by Charles While of Pontypridd, South Wales, but it was Bedson who made it work and brought it into use commercially. A difficult problem to overcome was that as the piece being rolled lengthened, its speed increased, so that each pair of rolls had to increase correspondingly. The only source of power was a steam engine working a single drive shaft, but Bedson achieved the greater speeds by using successively larger gear-wheels at each stand.Bedson's first mill was highly successful, and a second one was erected at the Manchester works; however, its application was limited to the production of small bars, rods and sections. Nevertheless, Bedson's mill established an important principle of rolling-mill design that was to have wider applications in later years.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1884, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 27:539–40. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 81–2.LRD -
18 Turner, Richard
[br]b. 1798 probably Dublin, Ireland d. 1881[br]Irish engineer offerrovitreous structures such as glasshouses and roofs of railway terminus buildings. Lime Street Station, Liverpool, erected 1849–50, was a notable example of the latter.[br]Turner's first glasshouse commission was for the Palm House at the Botanic Gardens in Belfast, begun in 1839; this structure was designed by Charles Lanyon, Turner being responsible for the ironwork construction. The Belfast Palm House was followed in 1843 by the Palm House for the Royal Dublin Society, but the structure for which Turner is best known is the famous Palm House in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew Gardens in London. This was originally designed in 1844 by the architect Decimus Burton, but his concept was rejected and Turner was asked to design a new one. Burton tried again, basing his new design upon that of Turner but also incorporating features that made it more similar to the famous Great Conservatory by Paxton at Chatsworth. Finally, Turner was contracted to build the Palm Stove in collaboration with Burton. Completed in 1848, the Kew Palm House is the finest example of the glasshouses of that era. This remarkable structure is simple but impressive: it is 362 ft (110 m) long and is covered by 45,000 ft2 (4,180 m2) of greenish glass. Inside, in the central taller part, a decorative, cast-iron, spiral staircase gives access to an upper gallery, from where tall plants may be clearly viewed; the roof rises to 62 ft (19 m). The curving, glazed panels, set in ribs of wrought iron, rise from a low masonry wall. The ingenious method of construction of these ribs was patented by Turner in 1846. It consists of wrought-iron tie rods inserted into hollow cast-iron tubes; these can be tightened after the erection of the building is complete, so producing a stable, balanced structure not unlike the concept of a timber-trussed roof. The Palm Stove has only recently undergone extensive adaptation to modern needs.[br]Further ReadingJ.Hix, 1974, The Glass House, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 122–7 (the Palm House at Kew).U.Kulturmann, 1979, Architecture and Urbanism, Tokyo, pp. 76–81 (the Palm House at Kew).DY -
19 круглая сталь
1) Naval: round iron, round steel, steel rods2) Engineering: rod-iron, round-bar steel, rounds3) Construction: rod, rod iron, rod steel, round bar steel4) Mining: (буровая) round steel5) Metallurgy: round steel bar6) Automation: round bar -
20 прутковая сталь
1) Aviation: bar steel2) Engineering: bar iron, rod steel, rods (вид проката)3) Oil: rod iron4) Automation: round iron
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